Decentralized And Adaptive Blockchain Based Offline Payment System Using Hardhat and Ethereum

Abstract

The Blockchain technology is a cutting-edge advancement in information technology. Bitcoin, as one of its initial uses, has attracted considerable attention as a cryptocurrency. Alongside Ethereum, which emphasizes blockchain-driven smart contracts, these technologies lie at the heart of modern cryptocurrency innovation. Off -chain transactions offer a scalable solution for blockchain networks, reducing congestion, lowering transaction fees, and improving processing efficiency without compromising decentralization. However, existing off-chain solutions often face security and flexibility challenges, particularly in environments with high latency and unstable connectivity. The proposed system leverages the Hardhat blockchain framework with Ethereum to enable secure peer-to-peer transactions from user wallets, ensuring seamless fund transfers even in offline conditions. Additionally, it integrates blockchain-based email functionality, allowing encrypted messages to be sent securely over a decentralized network, enhancing data privacy and security. To further strengthen data integrity, the system incorporates the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for decentralized file storage, reducing reliance on centralized servers and minimizing data loss risks. By combining off- chain transactions, blockchain-based email, and IPFS storage, the system enhances efficiency, security, and reliability, offering a robust decentralized solution for financial transactions and secure communication. The data is distributed across all cryptocurrency users within the network. This ensures that when a user initiates a transaction, data mining processes are conducted.