Plant and Animal Species Abundance and Distribution in Relation to Water Table Levels That Inhibit in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands in the Northern Part of Nigeria

Abstract

The Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in northern Nigeria are vital ecosystems, home to a diverse array of plant and animal species uniquely adapted to wetland conditions. These wetlands provide essential ecosystem services, including water filtration, flood control, and carbon sequestration, while also serving as critical habitats for numerous species, particularly migratory birds. However, the wetlands face increasing threats from climate change, agricultural expansion, and urban development, which can significantly alter water availability and biodiversity. This study aims to assess the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species in relation to water table levels in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands. The research was conducted in the Ramsar-designated Nguru Lake and Marma Channel complex, which are internationally recognized for their importance to water birds. Vegetation sampling followed the National Vegetation Classification System (NVCS), which categorizes plants into six primary strata: tree, shrub, field, ground, floating aquatic, and submerged aquatic. The line transect sampling method was employed to estimate animal species distribution, particularly focusing on bird species. The study revealed significant ecological diversity within the wetlands, with various plant species representing different families. Bird surveys documented a wide range of species, emphasizing the wetland's role as a crucial habitat for both endemic and migratory birds. Climatic conditions in the study area were characterized by an average temperature of 30.62°C and an average humidity of 55.51%, which varied seasonally. These findings underscore the ecological importance of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and highlight the urgent need for conservation efforts to mitigate the impacts of environmental degradation and ensure the sustainability of these critical ecosystems.