Psychological Capital and Digital learning behaviour: A Meta-Analysis of Global Antecedents and Implications for South African Higher Education

Abstract

Introduction: Psychological Capital (PsyCap) has been shown internationally to enhance digital learning-related behaviours (DLB); its role in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is underexplored and theoretically disintegrated. This study synthesises global empirical evidence to generate a contextualised framework that informs capacity development in South African HEIs.

Objectives: This meta-analysis aims to synthesise global research evidence on PsyCap and workplace digital learning, identify key antecedents and effect sizes, and examine their relevance to the South African HE context.

Methods: Five databases (PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and PubMed) were systematically searched using meta-analysis to identify peer-reviewed empirical studies (2020-2025). Inclusion criteria were operationalised using the PICOS framework.

Results: Using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software v4, 30 effect sizes revealed that PsyCap demonstrated a moderate positive association with workplace learning (r = 0.36), with significant effects for informal DLB (r = 0.35) and academic/learning outcomes (r = 0.39). Moderator analyses showed that PsyCap effects were amplified in global empirical studies, adaptive behavioural, and supportive organisational climates within educational sectors. Thematic analysis acknowledged four recurring mechanisms: (i) PsyCap consolidates reflective DLB, (ii) HERO dimensions moderate persistence during institutional turbulence, (iii) organisational climate moderates the activation of PsyCap, and (iv) adaptive behaviours moderate the transformation of psychological resources into learning participation.

Conclusions: For South African HEIs, the results suggest that enhancing PsyCap can help mitigate the effects of chronic change fatigue, resource imbalances, inconsistent developmental trajectories, and digital transformations. Integrating PsyCap-building micro-interventions and psychologically supportive climates into HRD, academic development, and leadership programmes to enhance staff and student learning cultures.