A Literature Review of Artificial intelligence, skill gap, Big Tech, upskilling, reskilling, workforce development, labour market transformation, human AI collaboration

Abstract

This literature review examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on workforce skills and organisational dynamics within “Big Tech” firms, with a particular focus on the emerging skill gap, workforce development, and the interplay between human labour and AI. The review synthesizes both qualitative and quantitative sources, including academic journals, industry reports, and corporate initiatives from leading technology companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Google, and Meta. Key themes explored include the diminishing value of traditional educational credentials, the shift in demand toward AI-related and technical skillsets, and the strategic responses of organisations through upskilling and reskilling programs. The review further investigates the complementary and substitutive roles of AI in the workforce, highlighting a hybrid outcome where automation coexists with enhanced human productivity. Finally, gaps in the existing literature are identified, including the need for longitudinal research, integrated frameworks linking AI adoption to workforce outcomes, and evaluations of long-term effectiveness of organisational skill development strategies. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of how AI-driven technological transformation is reshaping skills, labour market expectations, and human AI collaboration within the technology sector.