Cultural Saharan Heritage in the Age of AI: Potential, Risks, and Innovation

Abstract

Saharan heritage, encompassing archaeological sites, rock art, and cultural traditions, represents an invaluable treasure but faces multiple threats such as climate change, erosion, urbanization, and looting. Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) offer promising solutions to protect and enhance this unique heritage. This article explores the main applications of AI in this field. Machine learning and computer vision technologies facilitate the analysis and classification of data from rock paintings, engravings, and artifacts. Image recognition enables the detection of degradation and real-time monitoring of sites. AI-powered 3D modeling allows for the virtual restoration of endangered or destroyed sites, providing tools for conservation and immersive experiences for the public. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of these technologies. For instance, drones equipped with smart sensors assist in mapping inaccessible sites, while supervised learning algorithms automatically classify engravings based on their style and period. These innovations complement traditional methods, which are often constrained by limited human and financial resources. However, integrating AI in Saharan regions remains challenging. Obstacles include the lack of local technological infrastructure, the high cost of equipment, and the need for training local stakeholders. Furthermore, ethical concerns surround the use of cultural data and its potential for commercial exploitation. The study concludes that AI, when used collaboratively and inclusively, can transform the management of Saharan heritage. By involving local communities in data collection and analysis and disseminating results through accessible platforms, these technologies enhance the conservation and valorization of this heritage while promoting sustainable development in the region.