A Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Station with the Scope of Renewable Hybrid Energy and Fuel Cell Integration

Abstract

A renewable energy (RE) based system is a pollution-reductive and cost-effective solution while considering life cycle of RE system for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS). In which solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, fuel cells, and biogas etc., are utilized to generate electricity that can be used in grid-tied or stand-alone charging stations. Due to a lack of grid access, stand-alone EVCS are promoted in tourist, rural and remote areas. The review article covers alternative modelling approaches in conjunction with EVCS standards for off-grid applications. Numerous modelling approaches are discussed for hybrid system selection, station location, and cost optimization while considering economic feasibility, as well as reviewing off-grid charging for EVCS. In addition, the uncertainty in the power system is described in selection strategies employed for the proposed EVCS, which adds to the charging problem. The RE-based EVCS can provide futuristic potential in the global automobiles and RE-based industries.